Tuning ESIPT-coupled luminescence by expanding π-conjugation of a proton acceptor moiety in ESIPT-capable zinc() complexes with 1-hydroxy-1-imidazole-based ligands

The emission of ESIPT-fluorophores is known to be sensitive to various external and internal stimuli and can be fine-tuned through substitution in the proton-donating and proton-accepting groups. The incorporation of metal ions in the molecules of ESIPT fluorophores without their deprotonation is an emerging area of research in coordination chemistry which provides chemists with a new factor affecting the ESIPT reaction and ESIPT-coupled luminescence. In this paper we present 1-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-(pyridin-2-yl)-2-(quinolin-2-yl)-1 H -imidazole ( HL q ) as a new ESIPT-capable ligand. Due to the spatial separation of metal binding and ESIPT sites this ligand can coordinate metal ions without being deprotonated. The reactions of ZnHal 2 with HL q afford ESIPT-capable [Zn(HL q )Hal 2 ] (Hal = Cl, Br, I) complexes. In the solid state HL q and [Zn(HL q )Hal 2 ] luminesce in the orange region ( λ max = 600-650 nm). The coordination of HL q by Zn 2+ ions leads to the increase in the photoluminescence quantum yield due to the chelation-enhanced fluorescence effect. The ESIPT process is barrierless in the S 1 state, leading to the only possible fluorescence channel in the tautomeric form (T), S 1 T → S 0 T . The emission of [Zn(HL q )Hal 2 ] in the solid state is blue-shifted as compared with HL q due to the stabilization of the ground state and destabilization of the excited state. In CH 2 Cl 2 solutions, the compounds demonstrate dual emission in the UV ( λ max = 358 nm) and green ( λ max = 530 nm) regions. This dual emission is associated with two radiative deactivation channels in the normal ( N ) and tautomeric ( T ) forms, S 1 N → S 0 N and S 1 T → S 0 T , originating from two minima on the excited state potential energy surfaces. High energy barriers for the GSIPT process allow the trapping of molecules in the minimum of the tautomeric form, S 0 T , resulting in the possibility of the S 0 T → S 1 T photoexcitation and extraordinarily small Stokes shifts in the solid state. Finally, the π-system of quinolin-2-yl group facilitates the delocalization of the positive charge in the proton-accepting part of the molecule and promotes the ESIPT reaction. Tuning ESIPT by expanding π-conjugation of a proton-accepting moiety: the quinolin-2-yl group facilitates the delocalization of electrical charge and promotes the ESIPT reaction.