Pyrolyzed M-N catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: progress and prospects
Fuel cells, a sustainable technology that assures a cleaner earth, once experienced disillusion due to the issue of economic viability associated with the massive usage of Pt-based catalysts. To address this issue, research on cost-effective catalysts, especially on the cathode side, has been intens...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Energy & environmental science 2021-04, Vol.14 (4), p.2158-2185 |
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Zusammenfassung: | Fuel cells, a sustainable technology that assures a cleaner earth, once experienced disillusion due to the issue of economic viability associated with the massive usage of Pt-based catalysts. To address this issue, research on cost-effective catalysts, especially on the cathode side, has been intensively carried out where the latest achievements have made the M-N
x
/C material on its verge of application. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of the fundamental chemistry of oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) and the progress of the M-N
x
/C catalysts. Efforts aimed at clarifying the nature of catalytic sites are summarized, highlighting the indispensable role of advanced characterization tools. A variety of successful attempts are exemplified to describe the synthetic methodologies, followed by close tracking of newly emerging single-atom or dual-atom sites. Future directions for this research area are believed to be the rational and/or controllable synthesis of catalysts with adequate active sites and the use of strategies to substantially alleviate catalyst degradation.
This review showcases the recent progress in understanding and designing M-N
x
/C electrocatalysts towards the ORR, aiming to provide some guidelines for their practical applications in PEMFCs. |
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ISSN: | 1754-5692 1754-5706 |
DOI: | 10.1039/d1ee00142f |