Tailoring hole injection of sol-gel processed WO and its doping in PEDOT:PSS for efficient ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes

Hole injection governs the efficiency of ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes (UV OLEDs) due to the deep highest occupied molecular orbital level of the emissive molecule. Tungsten oxides (WO x ), transition metal oxides with high work functions and good stability, cast light on solving this problem. By a low-cost, scalable and high-throughput manufacturing process, herein the facile synthesis of a WO x solution and its doping in poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS + WO x ) is systematically investigated for assembling efficient UV OLEDs. X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements confirm that WO x and PEDOT:PSS + WO x have good film morphology and exceptional electronic properties, such as the oxygen deficiency dominated non-stoichiometry of WO x . With PEDOT:PSS + WO x tailoring hole injection and 2-(4-biphenyl)-5-(4- tert -butylphenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole as the emitter, the UV OLEDs show outstanding electro-optic performance, with a radiance of 3.98 mW cm −2 , external quantum efficiency of 2.30%, electroluminescence peak at 400 nm and full width at half maximum of 47 nm, which is superior to the performance of the corresponding reference materials. The mechanism of charge transfer from the PEDOT polycation to WO x , enhancing conductivity, is responsible for the robust hole injection/transport and is further elucidated by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy, contributing to the optimization of the carrier balance and recombination zone. Our results illustrate an alternative approach for boosting UV OLED performance and advancing organic electronics. We present an easily processed WO x solution and its doping in PEDOT:PSS for tailoring hole injection and assembling efficient ultraviolet OLEDs.