Ultra-smooth and space-filling mineral films generated particle accretion processes

Nonclassical crystallization typically yields materials with pronounced roughness and porosity as it is driven by nanoparticle self-organization. Here, we demonstrate that bio-inspired nonclassical mineralization via magnesium-doped polymer-induced liquid precursors (PILP) can yield ultra-smooth and space-filling CaCO 3 films featuring an unprecedented low roughness of 0.285 nm. Well-tuned bioinspired mineralization via liquid mineral precursors yields ultra-smooth, space-filling bodies, transgressing the supremum of packing densities of nonclassical crystallization.