Superior ion release properties and antibacterial efficacy of nanostructured zeolites ion-exchanged with zinc, copper, and ironElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c8ra06556j

Antimicrobial zeolites ion-exchanged with inexpensive transition metal ions (such as zinc, copper, and iron) are critically important for a broader adoption of the materials for public health applications. Due to the high surface area and small particle sizes, nanozeolites are particularly promising in enhancing the efficacy of the zeolite-based antimicrobial materials. By using highly-crystalline nanostructured zeolites (FAU) with textural mesoporosity, we report a comprehensive study on the materials characteristics of zinc-, copper-, and iron-ion exchanged nanozeolites, the ion release properties, and antibacterial efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), as well as a comparison of the properties to those obtained for the corresponding microsized zeolites. Superior ion release properties were observed for both zinc and copper ion-exchanged nanostructured zeolite X, with ion release up to 73% for zinc and 36% for copper of their initial loadings, as compared to 50% and 12%, respectively, for the corresponding microsized zeolites, validating the importance of nanostructuring for enhanced ion diffusion through zeolite pore channels. The 2 hours minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) in saline for the copper ion-exchanged nanostructured zeolite X was 32 μg mL −1 , half the corresponding microsized zeolite X MBC of 64 μg mL −1 . Our results established nanostructured zeolite X as a superior host material for metal ion-based antimicrobials, with the aforementioned improvements for copper-exchanged nanozeolites compared to previous studies. Nanostructured zeolite X as a superior host for transition-metal ion antimicrobials with rapid ion release and killing kinetics.