Microfluidic synthesis of micrometer-sized photoresponsive actuators based on liquid crystalline elastomersElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6tc02587k

The fabrication of photoresponsive micrometer-sized liquid crystalline elastomer (LCE) particles has been described in this article for the first time. The preparation of the LCE particles using a microfluidic device by a continuous "on the fly" technique allows their fast processing with an irradiation time of less than 2 seconds. In order to accelerate the polymerization and to make the preparation of samples with thicknesses of several hundred microns possible, we modified a NIR-photoinitiation system by adding a bleaching agent. In addition to the photoinitiator, a side-chain liquid crystalline monomer containing an azo-group and a LC-crosslinker were used in the polymerization mixture. For the optimization of the polymerization parameters, LCE films were produced first. These films showed a strong thermoresponsive actuation of more than 40% upon the nematic-isotropic phase transition and changed their length by up to 34% during irradiation with light for just 8 seconds, due to the trans - cis isomerization of the azo-group. Fabricated particles were investigated with respect to their response to heating, irradiation with light and swelling in a good solvent. A strong photoresponsive actuation of about 24% was found for these particles, which was reversible either by irradiation with red light (8 minutes) or by an isothermal back-isomerization of the azo-group in the dark (17 minutes). The reversibility of the light induced actuation of our particles makes them promising candidates for application as artificial muscles in microrobotics. Photoresponsive micrometer-sized liquid crystalline elastomer particles were synthesized in a microfluidic setup and showed a strong actuation by irradiation with light.