Effect of boron-carbon-nitride as a negative additive for lead acid batteries operating under high-rate partial-state-of-charge conditions

The consequences of including boron carbon nitride (BCN) in the negative plates of lead acid batteries have been investigated after exposure to high rate partial state of charge duty cycles. For BCN-NAM, the dominating elementary process is the formation of PbO instead of PbSO 4 . The BCN disintegrates to form carbon and nitrogen species on cycling that improve the performance of BCN-NAM under HRPSoC cycling. For BCN-NAM, under HRPSoC cycling conditions, the dominating elementary process is the formation of PbO instead of PbSO 4 .