Unravelling the role of protein kinase CK2 in metal toxicity using gene deletion mutantsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c6mt00230g

Metal ions, biologically essential or toxic, are present in the surrounding environment of living organisms. Understanding their uptake, homeostasis or detoxification is critical in cell biology and human health. In this study, we investigated the role of protein kinase CK2 in metal toxicity using gene deletion strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae against a panel of six metal ions. The deletion of CKA2 , the yeast orthologue of mammalian CK2α′, leads to a pronounced resistant phenotype against Zn 2+ and Al 3+ , whilst the deletion of CKB1 or CKB2 results in tolerance to Cr 6+ and As 3+ . The individual deletion mutants of CK2 subunits ( CKA1 , CKA2 , CKB1 and CKB2 ) did not have any benefit against Co 2+ and Cd 2+ . The metal ion content in the treated cells was then measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Two contrasting findings were obtained for the CKA2 deletion mutant ( cka2 Δ) against Al 3+ or Zn 2+ . Upon exposure to Al 3+ , cka2 Δ had markedly lower Al 3+ content than the wild type and other CK2 mutants, congruous to the resistant phenotype of cka2 Δ against Al 3+ , indicating that CKA2 is responsible for Al 3+ uptake. Upon zinc exposure the same mutant showed similar Zn 2+ content to the wild type and cka1 Δ. Strikingly, the selective inhibitor of CK2 TBB (4,5,6,7-tetrabromo-1 H -benzotriazole) abolished the resistant phenotype of cka2 Δ against Zn 2+ . Hence, the CK2 subunit CKA1 plays a key role in Zn 2+ sequestration of the cell. Given that both zinc and CK2 are implicated in cancer development, the findings herein are of significance to cancer research and anticancer drug development. Effect of metal ions on the phenotypic growth of yeast CK2 mutants.