Boosting the sensitivity of Nd3+-based luminescent nanothermometersElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available. See DOI: 10.1039/c5nr05631d

Luminescence thermal sensing and deep-tissue imaging using nanomaterials operating within the first biological window ( ca. 700-980 nm) are of great interest, prompted by the ever-growing demands in the fields of nanotechnology and nanomedicine. Here, we show that (Gd 1− x Nd x ) 2 O 3 ( x = 0.009, 0.024 and 0.049) nanorods exhibit one of the highest thermal sensitivity and temperature uncertainty reported so far (1.75 ± 0.04% K −1 and 0.14 ± 0.05 K, respectively) for a nanothermometer operating in the first transparent near infrared window at temperatures in the physiological range. This sensitivity value is achieved using a common R928 photomultiplier tube that allows defining the thermometric parameter as the integrated intensity ratio between the 4 F 5/2 → 4 I 9/2 and 4 F 3/2 → 4 I 9/2 transitions (with an energy difference between the barycentres of the two transitions >1000 cm −1 ). Moreover, the measured sensitivity is one order of magnitude higher than the values reported so far for Nd 3+ -based nanothermometers enlarging, therefore, the potential of using Nd 3+ ions in luminescence thermal sensing and deep-tissue imaging. (Gd 0.991 Nd 0.009 ) 2 O 3 nanorods exhibit one of the highest thermal sensitivity and temperature uncertainty reported so far, 1.75 ± 0.04% K −1 and 0.14 ± 0.05 K, respectively.