In situ analyses for ion storage materials

Development of high performance electrode materials for energy storage is one of the most important issues for our future society. However, a lack of clear analytical views limits critical understanding of electrode materials. This review covers useful analytical work using X-ray diffraction, X-ray absorption spectroscopy, microscopy and neutron diffraction for ion storage systems. The in situ observation facilitates comprehending real-time ion storage behaviour while the ion storage system is operating, which help us to understand detailed physical and chemical properties. We will discuss how the tools have been used to reveal detailed reaction mechanisms and underlying properties of electrode materials. Analyzing in situ change of electrode materials during electrochemical reaction is essential to get a proper insight for advancement. This review provides important in situ analytical tools to help researchers to have a clearer strategy for the sophisticated design of electrode materials.