Amphiphilic, cross-linkable diblock copolymers for multifunctionalized nanoparticles as biological probesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Images of the QDs, toxicity data and NMR spectra. See DOI: 10.1039/c3nr01520c

Nanoparticles (NPs) play an increasingly important role in biological labeling and imaging applications. However, preserving their useful properties in an aqueous biological environment remains challenging, even more as NPs therein have to be long-time stable, biocompatible and nontoxic. For in vivo applications, size control is crucial in order to route excretion pathways, e.g. renal clearance vs. hepato-biliary accumulation. Equally necessary, cellular and tissue specific targeting demands suitable linker chemistry for surface functionalization with affinity molecules, like peptides, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleotides. Herein, we report a three stage encapsulation process for NPs comprised of (1) a partial ligand exchange by a multidentate polyolefinic amine ligand, PI-N3, (2) micellar encapsulation with a precisely tuned amphiphilic diblock PI- b -PEG copolymer, in which the PI chains intercalate to the PI-N3 prepolymer and (3) radical cross-linking of the adjacent alkenyl bonds. As a result, water-soluble NPs were obtained, which virtually maintained their primal physical properties and were exceptionally stable in biological media. PEG-terminal functionalization of the diblock PI- b -PEG copolymer with numerous functional groups was mostly straightforward by chain termination of the living anionic polymerization (LAP) with the respective reagents. More complex affinity ligands, e.g. carbohydrates or biotin, were introduced in a two-step process, prior to micellar encapsulation. Advantageously, this pre-assembly approach opens up rapid access to precisely tuned multifunctional NPs, just by using mixtures of diverse functional PI- b -PEG polymers in a combinatorial manner. All constructs showed no toxicity from 0.001 to 1 M (particle concentration) in standard WST and LDH assays on A549 cells, as well as only marginal unspecific cellular uptake, even in serum-free medium. Diblock copolymers provide a platform for encapsulation of nanocrystals with adjustable zeta potential, chemical functionalities and outstanding biocompatibility.