Combretastatin A-4 inspired novel 2-aryl-3-arylamino-imidazo-pyridines/pyrazines as tubulin polymerization inhibitors, antimitotic and anticancer agentsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: General experimental procedure; 1H, 13C, mass, IR, HRMS, and melting points for all investigated compounds (1-20), molecular docking results for all compounds (1-20) in their neutral and protonated states, quantum chemical calculations of potent compounds 1, 2, 14, and 15 in their neutral and

Based on the pharmacophoric features of the natural product combretastatin A-4 ( CA-4 ) and its synthetic analogues that inhibit tubulin polymerization, a series of novel 2-aryl-3-arylamino-imidazo-pyridines/pyrazines as potential antitubulin anticancer agents were designed. They were synthesized by a one-pot method involving preparation of isocyanides from the anilines via formylation and subsequent dehydration followed by their reactions with heterocyclic-2-amidines and aldehydes. Compounds 1 , 2 , 14 , and 15 were found to exhibit significant tubulin polymerization inhibition and disruption of tubulin-microtubule dynamics similar to that of CA-4 . They showed potent anticancer activities in kidney, breast and cervical cancer cell lines, and relatively low toxicity to normal cells, compared to CA-4 . The compounds induced DNA and chromosomal damage, and apoptosis via cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase. The molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies revealed that disruption of microtubule dynamics might occur by interaction of the compounds at the colchicine binding site of the α,β-tubulin heterodimer interface, similar to that of CA-4 . Molecular modelling analysis showed that two of the three methoxy groups at ring A of all four potent compounds ( 1 , 2 , 14 , and 15) were involved in bifurcated hydrogen bonding with Cysβ241, an important molecular recognition interaction to show tubulin inhibitory activity. In comparison to CA-4 , the bridging NH and the imidazo-pyridine/pyrazine moieties in the title compounds provide flexibility for attaining the required dihedral relationship of two aryls and additional pharmacophoric features required for the interaction with the key residues of the colchicine binding site. Novel 2-aryl-3-arylamino-imidazo-pyridines/pyrazines that exhibit potent tubulin polymerization inhibition, anticancer activity, anti-migration of cancer cells, chromosomal damage, and apoptosis have been developed.