Endothelial progenitor cell mobilization based on exercise volume in patients with cardiovascular disease and healthy individuals: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) play a vital role in protecting endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Physical exercise stimulates the mobilization of EPCs, and along with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), promotes EPC differentiation, and contributes to vasculogenesis. The present meta-analysis examines the exercise-induced EPC mobilization and has an impact on VEGF in patients with CVD and healthy individuals. Database research was conducted (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library of Controlled Trials) by using an appropriate algorithm to indicate the exercise-induced EPC mobilization studies. Eligibility criteria included EPC measurements following exercise in patients with CVD and healthy individuals. A continuous random effect model meta-analysis (PROSPERO-CRD42019128122) was used to calculate mean differences in EPCs (between baseline and post-exercise values or between an experimental and control group). A total of 1460 participants (36 studies) were identified. Data are presented as standard mean difference (Std.MD) and 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Aerobic training stimulates the mobilization of EPCs and increases VEGF in patients with CVD (EPCs: Std.MD: 1.23, 95% CI: 0.70-1.76; VEGF: Std.MD: 0.76, 95% CI:0.16-1.35) and healthy individuals (EPCs: Std.MD: 1.11, 95% CI:0.53-1.69; VEGF: Std.MD: 0.75, 95% CI: 0.01-1.48). Acute aerobic exercise (Std.MD: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.00-1.80) and resistance exercise (Std.MD: 0.46, 95%CI: 0.10-0.82) enhance EPC numbers in healthy individuals. Combined aerobic and resistance training increases EPC mobilization (Std.MD:1.84, 95% CI: 1.03-2.64) in patients with CVD. Adequate exercise volume (>60%VO >30 min; = 0.00001) yields desirable results. Our meta-analysis supports the findings of the literature. Exercise volume is required to obtain clinically significant results. Continuous exercise training of high-to-moderate intensity with adequate duration as well as combined training with aerobic and resistance exercise stimulates EPC mobilization and increases VEGF in patients with CVD and healthy individuals.