Ocular survival after intra‐arterial chemotherapy for retinoblastoma improves with accrual of experience and programmatic evolution

Background Intra‐arterial chemotherapy (IAC) for the treatment of intraocular retinoblastoma has gained recognition as a method to improve ocular salvage; however, there is a paucity of evidence supporting treatment factors prognosticating ocular survival. Methods All patients with retinoblastoma treated with IAC at a single institution between December 2008 and December 2019 were evaluated. Patient demographics, tumor classification, prior treatments, procedural data, other non‐IAC therapies, adverse reactions, procedural complications, ocular outcomes, and overall survival were assessed via retrospective chart review. Factors suggestive of increased ocular survival were identified via univariate and multivariate analyses. The impact of accrued treatment experience was evaluated by grouping eyes by the respective year, IAC treatment was initiated. Results Forty‐nine eyes of 43 patients were treated for retinoblastoma with IAC (256 total procedures). At least grade 3 neutropenia was observed following 19% of IAC procedures. The risk of neutropenia was not statistically different between single or multidrug IAC. Comparing those who received balloon‐assisted intra‐arterial chemotherapy (bIAC) in more than two‐thirds of cycles to those who did not, the risk of arterial access site complications was not statistically different. Multivariate analysis revealed a significantly lower risk of enucleation associated with treatment era in years (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.52–1.00, p