Association of Ultrasonography With Final Histopathology in Diagnosing Thyroid Malignancy: A Single-Institute Retrospective Study

Background Thyroid nodules are well-defined regions of aberrant echogenicity within the thyroid parenchyma that are radiologically distinct from the normal thyroid gland. The most common incidental finding in imaging scans that include the neck is a thyroid nodule. Rarely are thyroid nodules cancerous, as the majority are benign. Aim The current study aims to assess the concordance between ultrasound (US) of thyroid nodules and final histopathology results to identify the different types of detected thyroid lesions. Methodology A retrospective study reviewed the medical files of all patients presenting to the Armed Forces Hospital, Southern Region, with suspected thyroid nodules from April 2018 to January 2020. Data were extracted using pre-structured proforma to avoid inconsistency. Data extracted included patient demographic, swelling laterality, size, and US and histopathological findings. Results In the present study, 47 samples had a mean age of 44.27 (SD = ±13.5) years, 85.1% were of the female gender, the majority (85.1%) had multiple nodules, 38.3% were with Thyroid Imaging Reporting and Data System (TI-RADS) TR4 US score, and the median size of the nodule on US was 3 cm with a range of 0.6 to 14 cm. The study showed that 10% of TR1 samples were lymphocytic in histopathology, 66.7% of TR3 samples were benign multinodular goiter in histopathology, and 55.6% of samples of TR4 were malignant in histopathology. Conclusions The current study showed that the malignancy rate of the examined nodules was not uncommon both by US and histopathology, where papillary carcinoma was the most detected malignancy. The study showed a satisfactory agreement rate between TI-RADS classification by US sonography and histopathological reporting, where TR4 and TR5 by the US were mainly categorized as pre-malignant/malignant lesions by histopathology.