Monkeypox: what do dental professionals need to know?

Infection control is critical for the safe delivery of dental care. Infection control practices must be responsive to emerging and re-emerging infectious diseases and outbreaks, as was clearly seen during the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic. An emerging global outbreak of the monkeypox virus has again raised potential challenges for infection control in dentistry. Monkeypox is an infectious disease, characterised by a rash affecting the skin and soft tissues, including the oral cavity. Previously, cases were mostly seen following contact with infected animals in Central and West Africa, with limited human-to-human transmission within and outside of these areas. However, since May 2022, sustained human-to-human transmission has occurred globally. Monkeypox can be transmitted via close contact with an infected person, contaminated objects and surfaces, or by droplets and possibly aerosols, which is therefore of potential importance to dental settings. This article discusses the relevance of monkeypox to dental professionals, the typical presentation of the disease, its potential impact on infection prevention and control practices and the delivery of dental services. The current monkeypox outbreak highlights the need for a more sustained programme of research into dental infection control that can provide a solid evidence base to underpin preparedness planning for future outbreaks and pandemics. Key points Monkeypox is a re-emerging viral infectious disease that may have relevance to dental professionals due to the risk of cross-infection or occupational exposure. The characteristic rash seen in monkeypox is often widespread but commonly affects the oral cavity and perioral structures, and cervical lymphadenopathy is a common feature. Usual infection prevention and control precautions are likely to be effective to control the risk posed by monkeypox in dental settings. However, respiratory protection is required when treating confirmed or probable cases. Further research is important to understand the risks from emerging and re-emerging viral infectious diseases in dental settings and how to control these risks.