Crosstalk of copper and zinc in the pathogenesis of vascular dementia

Copper and zinc are essential for normal brain functions. Both are localized in presynaptic vesicles and are secreted into synaptic clefts during neuronal excitation. Despite their significance, excesses of copper and zinc are neurotoxic. In particular, excess zinc after transient global ischemia plays a central role in the ischemia-induced neurodegeneration and pathogenesis of vascular type senile dementia. We previously found that sub-lethal concentrations of copper remarkably exacerbated zinc-induced neurotoxicity, and we investigated the molecular pathways of copper-enhanced zinc-induced neurotoxicity. The endoplasmic reticulum stress pathway, the stress-activated protein kinases/c-‍Jun amino-terminal kinases pathway, and mitochondrial energy production failure were revealed to be involved in the neurodegenerative processes. Regarding the upstream factors of these pathways, we focused on copper-derived reactive oxygen species and the disruption of calcium homeostasis. Because excess copper and zinc may be present in the synaptic clefts during ischemia, it is possible that secreted copper and copper-induced reactive oxygen species may enhance zinc neurotoxicity and eventually contribute to the pathogenesis of vascular type senile dementia.