Smart Skin: Vision-Based Soft Pressure Sensing System for In-Home Hand Rehabilitation

We introduce a novel in-home hand rehabilitation system for monitoring hand motions and assessing grip forces of stroke patients. The overall system is composed of a sensing device and a computer vision system. The sensing device is a lightweight cylindrical object for easy grip and manipulation, which is covered by a passive sensing layer called “Smart Skin.” The Smart Skin is fabricated using soft silicone elastomer, which contains embedded microchannels partially filled with colored fluid. When the Smart Skin is compressed by grip forces, the colored fluid rises and fills in the top surface display area. Then, the computer vision system captures the image of the display area through a red–green–blue camera, detects the length change of the liquid through image processing, and eventually maps the liquid length to the calibrated force for estimating the gripping force. The passive sensing mechanism of the proposed Smart Skin device works in conjunction with a single camera setup, making the system simple and easy to use, while also requiring minimum maintenance effort. Our system, on one hand, aims to support home-based rehabilitation therapy with minimal or no supervision by recording the training process and the force data, which can be automatically conveyed to physical therapists. In contrast, the therapists can also remotely instruct the patients with their training prescriptions through online videos. This study first describes the design, fabrication, and calibration of the Smart Skin, and the algorithm for image processing, and then presents experimental results from the integrated system. The Smart Skin prototype shows a relatively linear relationship between the applied force and the length change of the liquid in the range of 0–35 N. The computer vision system shows the estimation error