Physicochemical, morpho-structural, and biological characterization of polysaccharides from three Polygonatum spp

species, including , , and , are edible plants with medicinal purposes, which have long been consumed as food due to their high nutritional value. In this study, polysaccharides from (PCP), (PKP) and (PSP) were obtained, and their physicochemical properties and biological activities were investigated. Our results demonstrated that PCP, PKP, and PSP consist of major fructose and minor glucose, galacturonic acid, and galactose in different molar ratios with the molecular weights of 8.5 × 10 Da, 8.7 × 10 Da, and 1.0 × 10 Da, respectively. The three polysaccharides had triple-helical structures with β-d-Fruf, α-d-Glcp, α-d-Galp sugar residues, and an -acetyl group, and displayed peak-shaped structures in different sizes. They also exhibited thermal, shear-thinning behavior and viscoelastic properties, and PCP presented the highest viscoelasticity. Moreover, they exerted strong free radical-scavenging abilities, and significant reducing capacity. PCP was the strongest, followed by PSP and then PKP. They significantly promoted the polarization of the M1 macrophage, with the effect of PCP ranking first. All three had similar effects on GLP-1 secretion. It is, therefore, necessary to identify the various roles of these three polysaccharides as functional agents based on their bioactivities and physicochemical properties.