Genetic structure of the endemic Dipterocarpus condorensis revealed by microsatellite markers

Abstract Anthropogenic disturbances in tropical forests often affect the genetic diversity of a species. Dipterocarpus condorensis is an endangered species in the tropical forests of south-eastern Vietnam, both from its over-exploitation and habitat loss. Therefore, knowledge of population genetic diversity and population structure is essential for identifying the species conservation measures. In the present study, we evaluated genetic diversity and population structure using nine microsatellites for 183 individual trees from eight populations, representing the distribution range of D. condorensis in Vietnam. Two clustering approaches (Bayesian analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components) revealed that all studied individuals clustered into three genetic groups, which were related to gene flow across the range of D. condorensis in the lowland tropical forests of south-eastern Vietnam. Limited gene flow was implicated in anthropogenic disturbance. Genetic differentiation among populations was relatively low (the Weir and Cockerham index of 0.122 and the Hedrick index of 0.149) and showed significant differentiation. The genetic variability of the populations was low (HO = 0.298 and HE = 0.324), which suggested the negative effects of habitat degradation and over-exploitation. Our studies also determined that D. condorensis populations can have undergone recent bottlenecks. We recommend conservation activities for this species based on these results. Dipterocarpus condorensisis an endangered species in forests of south-eastern Vietnam, both from its over-exploitation and habitat loss. In this study, we evaluated genetic diversity and population structure for eight populations, representing the distribution range of the species. Bayesian analysis and discriminant analysis of principal components revealed three genetic groups, which were related to gene flow among different areas. Limited gene flow was implicated in anthropogenic disturbance. Genetic differentiation was relatively low and showed significant differentiation. The genetic variability of populations was low, which suggested the negative effects of habitat degradation and over-exploitation. Populations may have undergone recent bottlenecks.