Integrating Gestures and Words to Communicate in Full-Term and Low-Risk Preterm Late Talkers

Young children use gestures to practice communicative functions that foster their receptive and expressive linguistic skills. Studies investigating the use of gestures by late talkers are limited. This study aimed to investigate the use of gestures and gesture-word combinations and their associations with word comprehension and word and sentence production in late talkers. A further purpose was to examine whether a set of individual and environmental factors accounted for interindividual differences in late talkers' gesture and gesture-word production. Sixty-one late talkers, including 35 full-term and 26 low-risk preterm children, participated in the study. Parents filled out the Italian short forms of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories (MB-CDI), "Gesture and Words" and "Words and Sentences" when their children were 30-months-old, and they were then invited to participate in a book-sharing session with their child. Children's gestures and words produced during the book-sharing session were transcribed and coded into CHAT of CHILDES and analyzed with CLAN. Types of spontaneous gestures (pointing and representational gestures) and gesture-word combinations (complementary, equivalent, and supplementary) were coded. Measures of word tokens and MLU were also computed. Correlational analyses documented that children's use of gesture-word combinations, particularly complementary and supplementary forms, in the book-sharing session was positively associated with linguistic skills both observed during the session (word tokens and MLU) and reported by parents (word comprehension, word production, and sentence production at the MB-CDI). Concerning individual factors, male gender was negatively associated with gesture and gesture-word use, as well as with MB-CDI action/gesture production. In contrast, having a low-risk preterm condition and being later-born were positively associated with the use of gestures and pointing gestures, and having a family history of language and/or learning disorders was positively associated with the use of representational gestures. Furthermore, a low-risk preterm status and a higher cognitive score were positively associated with gesture-word combinations, particularly complementary and supplementary types. With regard to environmental factors, older parental age was negatively associated with late talkers' use of gestures and pointing gestures. Interindividual differences in late talkers' gesture and gesture-wor