Symmetric CTA Collaterals Identify Patients with Slow-progressing Stroke Likely to Benefit from Late Thrombectomy

Background Understanding ischemic core growth rate (IGR) is key in identifying patients with slow-progressing large vessel occlusion (LVO) stroke who may benefit from delayed endovascular thrombectomy (EVT). Purpose To evaluate whether symmetric collateral pattern at CT angiography (CTA) can help to identify patients with low IGR and small 24-hour diffusion-weighted MRI ischemic core volume in patients with LVO not treated with reperfusion therapies. Materials and Methods In this secondary analysis of clinical trial data from before EVT became standard of care from January 2007 to June 2009, patients with anterior proximal LVO not treated with reperfusion therapies were evaluated. All patients underwent admission CTA and at least three MRI examinations at four time points over 48 hours. Arterial phase CTA collaterals at presentation were categorized as symmetric, malignant, or other. Diffusion-weighted MRI ischemic core volume and IGR at multiple time points were determined. The IGR at presentation was defined as follows: (ischemic core volume in cubic centimeters)/(time since stroke symptom onset in hours). Multivariable analyses and receiver operator characteristic analyses were used. Results This study evaluated 31 patients (median age, 71 years; interquartile range, 61-81 years; 19 men) with median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) score of 13. Collaterals were symmetric (45%; 14 of 31), malignant (13%; four of 31), or other (42%; 13 of 31). Median ischemic core volume was different between collateral patterns at all time points. Presentation was as follows: symmetric, 16 cm ; other, 69 cm ; and malignant, 104 cm ( < .001). At 24 hours, median ischemic core volumes were as follows: symmetric, 28 cm ; other, 156 cm ; and malignant, 176 cm ( < .001). Median IGR was also different, and most pronounced at presentation: symmetric, 4 cm per hour; other, 17 cm per hour; and malignant, 20 cm per hour ( < .001). After multivariable adjustment, independent determinants of higher presentation IGR included only higher NIHSS (parameter estimate [β = 0.20; 95% CI: 0.05, 0.36; = .008) and worse collaterals (β = -2.90; 95% CI: -4.31, -1.50; < .001). The only independent determinant of 24-hour IGR was worse collaterals (β = -2.03; 95% CI: -3.28, -0.78; = .001). Symmetric collaterals had sensitivity of 87% (13 of 15) and specificity of 94% (15 of 16) for 24-hour ischemic core volume less than 50 cm (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve