Refutation Text Facilitates Learning: a Meta-Analysis of Between-Subjects Experiments

Scientific misconceptions are ubiquitous, and in our era of near-instant information exchange, this can be problematic for both public health and the public understanding of scientific topics. Refutation text is one instructional tool for addressing misconceptions and is simple to implement at little cost. We conducted a random-effects meta-analysis to examine the effectiveness of the refutation text structure on learning. Analysis of 44 independent comparisons ( n = 3,869) showed that refutation text is associated with a positive, moderate effect ( g = 0.41, p