Estimating the causal effect of transient anemia status on renal and cardiovascular outcomes in community-dwelling patients in Japan at the beginning of impaired renal function using marginal structural modeling

Background Anemia status may be transient. Causal associations between changes in anemia status over time and adverse outcome development are not well characterized in community-dwelling subjects at the beginning of impaired kidney function. Methods This retrospective cohort study used annual health checkup and medical and pharmacy claims data from the JMDC between January 2005 and June 2019. Community-dwelling subjects in Japan with a pre-index estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) ≥ 60 mL/min/1.73 m 2 followed by a subsequent eGFR