Kim-1 Targeted Extracellular Vesicles: A New Therapeutic Platform for RNAi to Treat AKI

AKI is a significant public health problem with high morbidity and mortality. Unfortunately, no definitive treatment is available for AKI. RNA interference (RNAi) provides a new and potent method for gene therapy to tackle this issue. We engineered red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicles (REVs) with targeting peptides and therapeutic siRNAs to treat experimental AKI in a mouse model after renal ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury and unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO). Phage display identified peptides that bind to the kidney injury molecule-1 (Kim-1). RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) characterized the transcriptome of ischemic kidney to explore potential therapeutic targets. REVs targeted with Kim-1-binding LTH peptide (REV ) efficiently homed to and accumulated at the injured tubules in kidney after I/R injury. We identified transcription factors and that drive inflammation and fibrosis as potential therapeutic targets. Taking advantage of the established REV , siRNAs targeting and were efficiently delivered to ischemic kidney and consequently blocked the expression of P-p65 and Snai1 in tubules. Moreover, dual suppression of and significantly improved I/R- and UUO-induced kidney injury by alleviating tubulointerstitial inflammation and fibrosis, and potently abrogated the transition to CKD. A red blood cell-derived extracellular vesicle platform targeted Kim-1 in acutely injured mouse kidney and delivered siRNAs for transcription factors and , alleviating inflammation and fibrosis in the tubules.