Brain stimulation and brain lesions converge on common causal circuits in neuropsychiatric disease

Damage to specific brain circuits can cause specific neuropsychiatric symptoms. Therapeutic stimulation to these same circuits may modulate these symptoms. To determine whether these circuits converge, we studied depression severity after brain lesions ( n = 461, five datasets), transcranial magnetic stimulation ( n = 151, four datasets) and deep brain stimulation ( n = 101, five datasets). Lesions and stimulation sites most associated with depression severity were connected to a similar brain circuit across all 14 datasets ( P