Gastro‑intestinal dysfunctions in Parkinson's disease (Review)

In patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), gastrointestinal dysfunction occurs from the early stages of the disease and even in the pre-motor phase. This condition can include the entire digestive tract, with symptoms ranging from delays in gastric emptying to dysphagia, constipation and even malnutrition. Excess saliva accumulates in the mouth due to the low frequency of swallowing. Dysphagia develops in about 50% of patients and may be a reflection of both central nervous system and enteric nervous system disorder. Gastroparesis can cause a variety of symptoms, including nausea, and also may be responsible for some of the motor fluctuations observed with levodopa therapy. Intestinal dysfunction in PD may be the result of both delayed colon transit and impaired anorectal muscle coordination. In addition, recent studies have demonstrated the role of Helicobacter pylori infection in the pathogenesis of diseases but also the occurrence of motor fluctuations by affecting the absorption of anti-parkinsonian medication. In this review, the main gastrointestinal dysfunctions associated with PD are presented.