Demodex Infection Changes Ocular Surface Microbial Communities, in Which Meibomian Gland Dysfunction May Play a Role

Introduction Demodex and bacteria are both components of the ocular surface micro-ecology, constituting a complex interaction. This study aims to explore how ocular surface Demodex infestation (DI) affects ocular surface microbial communities and diversity. Methods We recruited 255 subjects, and examined the correlation between ocular surface mite infestation and clinical indicators such as age, blood glucose level, dry eye symptoms, and blood pressure. 16S rRNA sequencing was performed on the conjunctival swab samples of 14 patients with ocular DI (P group) and 17 healthy people (N group). For further analysis, the subjects were divided into four subgroups, i.e. N-NMGD ( n = 11), N-MGD ( n = 6), P-NMGD ( n = 6), and P-MGD ( n = 8), according to meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) or no MGD (NMGD). Results There was no difference in the α-diversity of ocular surface microbial communities between the DI and healthy control groups. In linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), there were more Acinetobacter , Novosphingobium , and Anoxybacillus in the DI group and fewer Novosphingobium , Lactobacillus , and Candidatus Microthrix in the healthy control group. P-NMGD had more Thermaceae and fewer Pseudomonas than P-MGD. There were more Bacteroidetes in N-NMGD than in N-MGD. The α-diversity of P-NMGD was lower than that of N-NMGD (Shannon index, P = 0.027). At the same time, the α-diversity of N-MGD was lower than that of N-NMGD (Shannon, Simpson, and dominance index, P = 0.048). There was no significant difference in β-diversity or in the primary flora at the phylum and genus levels between groups and subgroups. Conclusion DI had no significant effect on the diversity of ocular surface microbial communities. DI primarily changed the dominant flora and relative abundance of ocular surface microbial communities. MGD may play an important role in this process.