Assessment of incremental lifetime cancer risks of ambient air PM10-bound PAHs in oil-rich cities of Iran

This study investigates the concentrations of PM 10 -bound PAHs and their seasonal variations in three cities of Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh in Iran. The mean concentrations of PM 10 in two warm and cold seasons in Ahvaz were higher and in Abadan and Assaluyeh were lower than the national standard of Iran and the guidelines of the World Health Organization. The Σ16 PAHs concentration in ambient air PM 10 during the cold season in Ahvaz, Abadan and Asaluyeh was 244.6, 633, and 909 ng m − 3 , respectively, and during the warm season in Ahvaz, Abadan, and Asaluyeh was 242.1, 1570 and 251 ng m − 3 , respectively. The high molecular weight PAHs were the most predominant components. The most abundant PAHs species were Pyr, Chr, B [ghi] P, and Flt. The results showed that the total PAHs concentration in the cold and warm seasons was dependent on industrial activities, particularly the neighboring petrochemical units of the city, vehicular exhausts, traffic and use of oil, gas, and coal in energy production. The total cancer risk values as a result of exposure to PAHs in ambient air PM 10 in all three cities for children and adults and in both cold and warm seasons were between 1 × 10 − 6 and 1 × 10 − 4 , and this indicates a potential carcinogenic risk. Therefore, considering the various sources of air pollutants and its role on people’s health, decision makers should adopt appropriate policies on air quality to reduce the ambient air PAHs and to mitigate human exposure.