Functional mutants of Azospirillum brasilense elicit beneficial physiological and metabolic responses in Zea mays contributing to increased host iron assimilation

Iron (Fe), an essential element for plant growth, is abundant in soil but with low bioavailability. Thus, plants developed specialized mechanisms to sequester the element. Beneficial microbes have recently become a favored method to promote plant growth through increased uptake of essential micronutrients, like Fe, yet little is known of their mechanisms of action. Functional mutants of the epiphytic bacterium Azospirillum brasilense , a prolific grass-root colonizer, were used to examine mechanisms for promoting iron uptake in Zea mays . Mutants included HM053, FP10, and ipdC , which have varying capacities for biological nitrogen fixation and production of the plant hormone auxin. Using radioactive iron-59 tracing and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we documented significant differences in host uptake of Fe 2+/3+ correlating with mutant biological function. Radioactive carbon-11, administered to plants as 11 CO 2 , provided insights into shifts in host usage of ‘new’ carbon resources in the presence of these beneficial microbes. Of the mutants examined, HM053 exhibited the greatest influence on host Fe uptake with increased plant allocation of 11 C-resources to roots where they were transformed and exuded as 11 C-acidic substrates to aid in Fe-chelation, and increased C-11 partitioning into citric acid, nicotianamine and histidine to aid in the in situ translocation of Fe once assimilated.