Long-term persistence of gastric dysbiosis after eradication of Helicobacter pylori in patients who underwent endoscopic submucosal dissection for early gastric cancer

Background Gastric microbiome, other than Helicobacter pylori , plays a role in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer (GC). Patients who undergo endoscopic submucosal dissection for early GC have a high risk of developing metachronous GC even after successful eradication of H. pylori . Thus, we investigated the microbial profiles and associated changes in such patients after the eradication of H. pylori . Methods A total of 19 H. pylori -infected patients with early GC who were or to be treated by endoscopic resection, with paired biopsy samples at pre- and post-eradication therapy, were retrospectively enrolled. Ten H. pylori -negative patients were enrolled as controls. Biopsy samples were analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing. Results H. pylori -positive patients exhibited low richness and evenness of bacteria with the deletion of several genera, including Blautia , Ralstonia , Faecalibacterium , Methylobacterium , and Megamonas . H. pylori eradication partially restored microbial diversity, as assessed during a median follow-up at 13 months after eradication therapy. However, post-eradication patients had less diversity than that in the controls and possessed a lower abundance of the five genera mentioned above. The eradication of H. pylori also altered the bacterial composition, but not to the same extent as that in controls. The microbial communities could be clustered into three separate groups: H. pylori -negative, pre-eradication, and post-eradication. Conclusion Changes in dysbiosis may persist long after the eradication of H. pylori in patients with a history of GC. Dysbiosis may be involved in the development of both primary and metachronous GC after the eradication of H. pylori in such patients.