Subjective sleep quality, blood pressure, and hypertension: a meta‐analysis

Sleep quality is an important aspect of sleep, but no meta‐analysis has elucidated its relationship with blood pressure (BP) and hypertension. A meta‐analysis was conducted in October 2016 using multiple databases, including Embase and Medline. Studies that assessed subjective sleep quality and BP or hypertension were included. Upon full‐text evaluation, 29 articles from 45 041 patients were selected, of which 22 articles were included in the meta‐analysis and seven were presented narratively. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with a greater likelihood of hypertension (odds ratio, 1.48; P value = .01). Poor sleepers had higher average systolic BP (mean difference = 4.37, P value = .09) and diastolic BP (mean difference = 1.25, P value = .32) than normal sleepers without statistical significance. Patients with hypertension had significantly worse sleep quality scores (mean difference = 1.51, P value