From the first mile to the last: Challenges of the global surgical supply chain

[...]direct pooled procurement can reduce per-unit costs and reduce the inefficiency of multi-tiered distribution systems that consist of multiple intervening distributors and vendors. [...]strategic public-private partnerships (PPPs) could address specific issues such as timely replenishment of stockouts in remote areas. [...]blockchain and Fourth Party Logistics (4PL) can help to track supplies (e.g., delivery to appropriate facilities), reduce administrative costs, minimize the risk of corruption (e.g., purchases with fake suppliers, money channeled to different recipients), promote transparency and harmonize SCM data with health outcomes (e.g., surgical site infection).9 The global pandemic encourages us all to reflect.