Survival and associated risk factors for mortality among infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn in Malaysia

Objective This study aims to determine the immediate outcome of persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) and risk factors for mortality in the era of inhaled nitric oxide (iNO). Study design This observational cross-sectional study includes 195 confirmed PPHN with a gestational age of ≥34 weeks without congenital heart disease. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify risk factors for mortality. Results The mortality rate was 16.4%, with the highest mortality with pulmonary hypoplasia. Of 195, 65% received iNO; 18% were iNO non-responders with the majority having pulmonary hypoplasia. Independent risk factors for mortality were the presence of reversal of flow at the descending aorta, pulmonary hypoplasia, APGAR scores ≤ 5 at 5 min, and idiopathic PPHN with an adjusted odds ratio of 15.9, 7.5, 6.7, and 6.4, respectively. Conclusions Despite the usage of iNO, mortality due to PPHN remains high and is related to etiology and cardiac function.