Selection and validation of experimental condition-specific reference genes for qRT-PCR in Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) (Hemiptera: Aphididae) is one of the most common aphid pests of winter cereals. To facilitate accurate gene expression analyses with qRT-PCR assays, the expression stability of candidate reference genes under specific experimental conditions must be verified before they can be used to normalize target gene expression levels. In this study, 10 candidate reference genes in M . dirhodum were analyzed by qRT-PCR under various experimental conditions. Their expression stability was evaluated with delta Ct, BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder methods, and the final stability ranking was determined with RefFinder. The results indicate that the most appropriate sets of internal controls were SDHB and RPL8 across geographic population; RPL8 , Actin , and GAPDH across developmental stage; SDHB and NADH across body part; RPL8 and Actin across wing dimorphism and temperature; RPL4 and EF1A across starvation stress; AK and RPL4 across insecticide treatments; RPL8 and NADH across antibiotic treatments; RPL8 , RPL4 , Actin , and NADH across all samples. The results of this study provide useful insights for establishing a standardized qRT-PCR procedure for M. dirhodum and may be relevant for identifying appropriate reference genes for molecular analyses of related insects.