Resistance to insecticides and synergism by enzyme inhibitors in Aedes albopictus from Punjab, Pakistan

The widespread use of insecticides has ecological consequences such as emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution . Aedes albopictus is a major vector of dengue virus in the Punjab province, Pakistan. Control of Ae. albopictus with insecticides along with source eradication is critical in the prevention and control of dengue fever but is threatened by the development of insecticide resistance. Here, field strains of Ae. albopictus from eight cities of Punjab were evaluated for resistance against temephos, deltamethrin and permethrin. For temephos, high resistance (RR LC50 > tenfold) was found in larvae of the Rawalpindi strain, moderate resistance (RR LC50 = five- to tenfold) in Multan, Faisalabad, Sialkot, Lahore and Sheikhupura strains, and low resistance (RR LC50