Quantifying trunk neuromuscular control using seated balancing and stability threshold

Performance during seated balancing is often used to assess trunk neuromuscular control, including evaluating impairments in back pain populations. Balancing in less challenging environments allows for flexibility in control, which may not depend on health status but instead may reflect personal preferences. To make assessment less ambiguous, trunk neuromuscular control should be maximally challenged. Thirty-four healthy subjects balanced on a robotic seat capable of adjusting rotational stiffness. Subjects balanced while rotational stiffness was gradually reduced. The rotational stiffness at which subjects could no longer maintain balance, defined as critical stiffness (kCrit), was used to quantify the subjects’ trunk neuromuscular control. A higher kCrit reflects poorer control, as subjects require a more stable base to balance. Subjects were tested on three days separated by 24 hours to assess test–retest reliability. Anthropometric (height and weight) and demographic (age and sex) influences on kCrit and its reliability were assessed. Height and age did not affect kCrit; whereas, being heavier (p