Elevated CO2 alters transgene methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of Bt rice under different N-fertilizer levels
The earth has been undergoing climate change, especially in recent years, driven by increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) and rising earth-surface temperature, which could reduce N allocation to Bt toxin for transgenic Bt crops ( Bt crops), but the N fertilization is conside...
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description | The earth has been undergoing climate change, especially in recent years, driven by increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and rising earth-surface temperature, which could reduce N allocation to Bt toxin for transgenic
Bt
crops (
Bt
crops), but the N fertilization is considered to be an effective method to enhance the C–N balance in
Bt
crops in the case of elevated CO
2
in future. DNA methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of transgene plays a critical role in transgene expression regulation and silencing of transgenic crops. Recent research has emphasized the risks of increased transgene silencing of
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
) rice under elevated CO
2
. In this study, the effects of elevated CO
2
(vs. ambient CO
2
) on exogenous
Bt
toxins and transgene expression in promoterregion and codingregion of
Bt
rice during tillering stage (cv. HH1 expressing fused
Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac
) were evaluated under three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (1/4, 1 and 2 N levels). The aboveground and belowground biomass, and foliar
Bt
protein content of
Bt
rice were all significantly increased with the augmentation of N-fertilizer. And elevated CO
2
significantly increased belowground biomass, total soluble protein content, transgene methylation levels in promoterregion (P1), and in total of promoterregion(P1) and codingregion (P2 + P3) (i.e., P1 + P2 + P3) at 1 N level, and it also increased transgene methylation levels in codingregion (P2), and in total of promoterregion and codingregion (P1 + P2 + P3) at 2 N level. In addition, elevated CO
2
decreased foliar Bt protein content at 1 N level. The transgene methylation levels in promoterregion and codingregion were negatively correlated with
Bt
-transgene expression level. The methylation level of cytosines located at CG sites was higher than those at CHG and CHH sites in P1, P2 and P3 fragments regardless of the CO
2
or N-fertilizer level. The correlation of transgene mehtylation in promoterregion with transgene expression is even stronger than that in codingregion. These data indicate that N fertilization supply will increase the Bt toxin content in transgenic
Bt
rice, especially under elevated CO
2
. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1038/s41598-020-75121-6 |
format | Article |
fullrecord | <record><control><sourceid>proquest_pubme</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_pubmedcentral_primary_oai_pubmedcentral_nih_gov_7584594</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><sourcerecordid>2471520699</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c488t-d6474ffc4d507f3cbacaea359fd3c226593d9620340f83673da0af078c5673f03</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9UctuGyEURVWjJkryA10hdT0Nw2MYNpVaK31IUbNJ1gjDZUI0BheYSM439KOLY6uPTdlwL-fBkQ5Cb3vyvidsvCq8F2rsCCWdFD3tu-EVOqOEi44ySl__NZ-iy1IeSTuCKt6rN-iUMaKkFOwM_bye4clUcHh1S7GZK-SCazaxTBABb6A-7GZTQ4o4popTnHc4RLzNaZMaN8O0h9ZLbdqS9pBNLsTpCCSPP1WcgwW8RAcZu-A9ZIgVf-_aUMMcnttzCwFzuUAnvtnA5fE-R_efr-9WX7ub2y_fVh9vOsvHsXZu4JJ7b7kTRHpm18YaMEwo75ildBCKOTVQwjjxIxskc4YYT-RoRVs8Yefow8F3u6w34GyLk82stzlsTN7pZIL-F4nhQU_pSUsxcqF4M3h3NMjpxwKl6se05Ngya8plLygZlGosemDZnErJ4H__0BO9L1EfStStRP1Soh6aiB1EpZHjBPmP9X9UvwAny6Ex</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Open Access Repository</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>2471520699</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Elevated CO2 alters transgene methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of Bt rice under different N-fertilizer levels</title><source>Nature Free</source><source>DOAJ Directory of Open Access Journals</source><source>Elektronische Zeitschriftenbibliothek - Frei zugängliche E-Journals</source><source>PubMed Central</source><source>Alma/SFX Local Collection</source><source>Free Full-Text Journals in Chemistry</source><source>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</source><creator>Liu, Yanmin ; Wang, Yanhui ; Chen, Geng ; Li, Chunxu ; Jiang, Shoulin ; Parajulee, Megha N. ; Chen, Fajun</creator><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yanmin ; Wang, Yanhui ; Chen, Geng ; Li, Chunxu ; Jiang, Shoulin ; Parajulee, Megha N. ; Chen, Fajun</creatorcontrib><description>The earth has been undergoing climate change, especially in recent years, driven by increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and rising earth-surface temperature, which could reduce N allocation to Bt toxin for transgenic
Bt
crops (
Bt
crops), but the N fertilization is considered to be an effective method to enhance the C–N balance in
Bt
crops in the case of elevated CO
2
in future. DNA methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of transgene plays a critical role in transgene expression regulation and silencing of transgenic crops. Recent research has emphasized the risks of increased transgene silencing of
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
) rice under elevated CO
2
. In this study, the effects of elevated CO
2
(vs. ambient CO
2
) on exogenous
Bt
toxins and transgene expression in promoterregion and codingregion of
Bt
rice during tillering stage (cv. HH1 expressing fused
Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac
) were evaluated under three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (1/4, 1 and 2 N levels). The aboveground and belowground biomass, and foliar
Bt
protein content of
Bt
rice were all significantly increased with the augmentation of N-fertilizer. And elevated CO
2
significantly increased belowground biomass, total soluble protein content, transgene methylation levels in promoterregion (P1), and in total of promoterregion(P1) and codingregion (P2 + P3) (i.e., P1 + P2 + P3) at 1 N level, and it also increased transgene methylation levels in codingregion (P2), and in total of promoterregion and codingregion (P1 + P2 + P3) at 2 N level. In addition, elevated CO
2
decreased foliar Bt protein content at 1 N level. The transgene methylation levels in promoterregion and codingregion were negatively correlated with
Bt
-transgene expression level. The methylation level of cytosines located at CG sites was higher than those at CHG and CHH sites in P1, P2 and P3 fragments regardless of the CO
2
or N-fertilizer level. The correlation of transgene mehtylation in promoterregion with transgene expression is even stronger than that in codingregion. These data indicate that N fertilization supply will increase the Bt toxin content in transgenic
Bt
rice, especially under elevated CO
2
.</description><identifier>ISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2045-2322</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75121-6</identifier><identifier>PMID: 33097753</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>London: Nature Publishing Group UK</publisher><subject>631/1647 ; 631/449 ; Biomass ; Carbon dioxide ; Climate change ; Crops ; Cry1Ac toxin ; DNA methylation ; Fertilization ; Fertilizers ; Humanities and Social Sciences ; multidisciplinary ; Proteins ; Rice ; Science ; Science (multidisciplinary) ; Surface temperature ; Toxins ; Transgenes ; Transgenic plants</subject><ispartof>Scientific reports, 2020-10, Vol.10 (1), Article 18138</ispartof><rights>The Author(s) 2020</rights><rights>The Author(s) 2020. This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c488t-d6474ffc4d507f3cbacaea359fd3c226593d9620340f83673da0af078c5673f03</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c488t-d6474ffc4d507f3cbacaea359fd3c226593d9620340f83673da0af078c5673f03</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7584594/pdf/$$EPDF$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7584594/$$EHTML$$P50$$Gpubmedcentral$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,723,776,780,860,881,27901,27902,41096,42165,51551,53766,53768</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yanmin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yanhui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Geng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Chunxu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiang, Shoulin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parajulee, Megha N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Fajun</creatorcontrib><title>Elevated CO2 alters transgene methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of Bt rice under different N-fertilizer levels</title><title>Scientific reports</title><addtitle>Sci Rep</addtitle><description>The earth has been undergoing climate change, especially in recent years, driven by increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and rising earth-surface temperature, which could reduce N allocation to Bt toxin for transgenic
Bt
crops (
Bt
crops), but the N fertilization is considered to be an effective method to enhance the C–N balance in
Bt
crops in the case of elevated CO
2
in future. DNA methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of transgene plays a critical role in transgene expression regulation and silencing of transgenic crops. Recent research has emphasized the risks of increased transgene silencing of
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
) rice under elevated CO
2
. In this study, the effects of elevated CO
2
(vs. ambient CO
2
) on exogenous
Bt
toxins and transgene expression in promoterregion and codingregion of
Bt
rice during tillering stage (cv. HH1 expressing fused
Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac
) were evaluated under three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (1/4, 1 and 2 N levels). The aboveground and belowground biomass, and foliar
Bt
protein content of
Bt
rice were all significantly increased with the augmentation of N-fertilizer. And elevated CO
2
significantly increased belowground biomass, total soluble protein content, transgene methylation levels in promoterregion (P1), and in total of promoterregion(P1) and codingregion (P2 + P3) (i.e., P1 + P2 + P3) at 1 N level, and it also increased transgene methylation levels in codingregion (P2), and in total of promoterregion and codingregion (P1 + P2 + P3) at 2 N level. In addition, elevated CO
2
decreased foliar Bt protein content at 1 N level. The transgene methylation levels in promoterregion and codingregion were negatively correlated with
Bt
-transgene expression level. The methylation level of cytosines located at CG sites was higher than those at CHG and CHH sites in P1, P2 and P3 fragments regardless of the CO
2
or N-fertilizer level. The correlation of transgene mehtylation in promoterregion with transgene expression is even stronger than that in codingregion. These data indicate that N fertilization supply will increase the Bt toxin content in transgenic
Bt
rice, especially under elevated CO
2
.</description><subject>631/1647</subject><subject>631/449</subject><subject>Biomass</subject><subject>Carbon dioxide</subject><subject>Climate change</subject><subject>Crops</subject><subject>Cry1Ac toxin</subject><subject>DNA methylation</subject><subject>Fertilization</subject><subject>Fertilizers</subject><subject>Humanities and Social Sciences</subject><subject>multidisciplinary</subject><subject>Proteins</subject><subject>Rice</subject><subject>Science</subject><subject>Science (multidisciplinary)</subject><subject>Surface temperature</subject><subject>Toxins</subject><subject>Transgenes</subject><subject>Transgenic plants</subject><issn>2045-2322</issn><issn>2045-2322</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2020</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>C6C</sourceid><sourceid>BENPR</sourceid><recordid>eNp9UctuGyEURVWjJkryA10hdT0Nw2MYNpVaK31IUbNJ1gjDZUI0BheYSM439KOLY6uPTdlwL-fBkQ5Cb3vyvidsvCq8F2rsCCWdFD3tu-EVOqOEi44ySl__NZ-iy1IeSTuCKt6rN-iUMaKkFOwM_bye4clUcHh1S7GZK-SCazaxTBABb6A-7GZTQ4o4popTnHc4RLzNaZMaN8O0h9ZLbdqS9pBNLsTpCCSPP1WcgwW8RAcZu-A9ZIgVf-_aUMMcnttzCwFzuUAnvtnA5fE-R_efr-9WX7ub2y_fVh9vOsvHsXZu4JJ7b7kTRHpm18YaMEwo75ildBCKOTVQwjjxIxskc4YYT-RoRVs8Yefow8F3u6w34GyLk82stzlsTN7pZIL-F4nhQU_pSUsxcqF4M3h3NMjpxwKl6se05Ngya8plLygZlGosemDZnErJ4H__0BO9L1EfStStRP1Soh6aiB1EpZHjBPmP9X9UvwAny6Ex</recordid><startdate>20201023</startdate><enddate>20201023</enddate><creator>Liu, Yanmin</creator><creator>Wang, Yanhui</creator><creator>Chen, Geng</creator><creator>Li, Chunxu</creator><creator>Jiang, Shoulin</creator><creator>Parajulee, Megha N.</creator><creator>Chen, Fajun</creator><general>Nature Publishing Group UK</general><general>Nature Publishing Group</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7X7</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88A</scope><scope>88E</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AEUYN</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BBNVY</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>K9.</scope><scope>LK8</scope><scope>M0S</scope><scope>M1P</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7P</scope><scope>PIMPY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>5PM</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20201023</creationdate><title>Elevated CO2 alters transgene methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of Bt rice under different N-fertilizer levels</title><author>Liu, Yanmin ; Wang, Yanhui ; Chen, Geng ; Li, Chunxu ; Jiang, Shoulin ; Parajulee, Megha N. ; Chen, Fajun</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c488t-d6474ffc4d507f3cbacaea359fd3c226593d9620340f83673da0af078c5673f03</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2020</creationdate><topic>631/1647</topic><topic>631/449</topic><topic>Biomass</topic><topic>Carbon dioxide</topic><topic>Climate change</topic><topic>Crops</topic><topic>Cry1Ac toxin</topic><topic>DNA methylation</topic><topic>Fertilization</topic><topic>Fertilizers</topic><topic>Humanities and Social Sciences</topic><topic>multidisciplinary</topic><topic>Proteins</topic><topic>Rice</topic><topic>Science</topic><topic>Science (multidisciplinary)</topic><topic>Surface temperature</topic><topic>Toxins</topic><topic>Transgenes</topic><topic>Transgenic plants</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Liu, Yanmin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Wang, Yanhui</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Geng</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Li, Chunxu</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Jiang, Shoulin</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Parajulee, Megha N.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Chen, Fajun</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Biology Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Sustainability</collection><collection>ProQuest Central UK/Ireland</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Health & Medical Complete (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Biological Science Collection</collection><collection>Health & Medical Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Medical Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Biological Science Database</collection><collection>Publicly Available Content Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>PubMed Central (Full Participant titles)</collection><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Liu, Yanmin</au><au>Wang, Yanhui</au><au>Chen, Geng</au><au>Li, Chunxu</au><au>Jiang, Shoulin</au><au>Parajulee, Megha N.</au><au>Chen, Fajun</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Elevated CO2 alters transgene methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of Bt rice under different N-fertilizer levels</atitle><jtitle>Scientific reports</jtitle><stitle>Sci Rep</stitle><date>2020-10-23</date><risdate>2020</risdate><volume>10</volume><issue>1</issue><artnum>18138</artnum><issn>2045-2322</issn><eissn>2045-2322</eissn><abstract>The earth has been undergoing climate change, especially in recent years, driven by increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO
2
) and rising earth-surface temperature, which could reduce N allocation to Bt toxin for transgenic
Bt
crops (
Bt
crops), but the N fertilization is considered to be an effective method to enhance the C–N balance in
Bt
crops in the case of elevated CO
2
in future. DNA methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of transgene plays a critical role in transgene expression regulation and silencing of transgenic crops. Recent research has emphasized the risks of increased transgene silencing of
Bacillus thuringiensis
(
Bt
) rice under elevated CO
2
. In this study, the effects of elevated CO
2
(vs. ambient CO
2
) on exogenous
Bt
toxins and transgene expression in promoterregion and codingregion of
Bt
rice during tillering stage (cv. HH1 expressing fused
Cry1Ab/Cry1Ac
) were evaluated under three nitrogen (N) fertilizer rate (1/4, 1 and 2 N levels). The aboveground and belowground biomass, and foliar
Bt
protein content of
Bt
rice were all significantly increased with the augmentation of N-fertilizer. And elevated CO
2
significantly increased belowground biomass, total soluble protein content, transgene methylation levels in promoterregion (P1), and in total of promoterregion(P1) and codingregion (P2 + P3) (i.e., P1 + P2 + P3) at 1 N level, and it also increased transgene methylation levels in codingregion (P2), and in total of promoterregion and codingregion (P1 + P2 + P3) at 2 N level. In addition, elevated CO
2
decreased foliar Bt protein content at 1 N level. The transgene methylation levels in promoterregion and codingregion were negatively correlated with
Bt
-transgene expression level. The methylation level of cytosines located at CG sites was higher than those at CHG and CHH sites in P1, P2 and P3 fragments regardless of the CO
2
or N-fertilizer level. The correlation of transgene mehtylation in promoterregion with transgene expression is even stronger than that in codingregion. These data indicate that N fertilization supply will increase the Bt toxin content in transgenic
Bt
rice, especially under elevated CO
2
.</abstract><cop>London</cop><pub>Nature Publishing Group UK</pub><pmid>33097753</pmid><doi>10.1038/s41598-020-75121-6</doi><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | 631/1647 631/449 Biomass Carbon dioxide Climate change Crops Cry1Ac toxin DNA methylation Fertilization Fertilizers Humanities and Social Sciences multidisciplinary Proteins Rice Science Science (multidisciplinary) Surface temperature Toxins Transgenes Transgenic plants |
title | Elevated CO2 alters transgene methylation not only in promoterregion but also in codingregion of Bt rice under different N-fertilizer levels |
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