Experimental modeling of desensitization: What have we learned about preventing AMR?

During the past 5 decades, short‐term outcomes in kidney transplant have significantly improved, in large part due to reduced rates and severity of acute rejection. Development of better immunosuppressive maintenance agents, as well as new induction therapies, helped make these advances. Nonhuman primate models provided a rigorous testing platform to evaluate candidate biologics during this process. However, antibody‐mediated rejection remains a major cause of late failure of kidney allografts despite advances made in pharmacologic immunosuppression and strategies developed to facilitate improved donor‐recipient matching. Our laboratory has been actively working to develop strategies to prevent and treat antibody‐mediated rejection and immunologic sensitization in organ transplant, relying largely on a nonhuman primate model of kidney transplant. In this review, we will cover outcomes achieved by managing antibody‐mediated rejection or sensitization in nonhuman primate models and discuss promises, limitations, and future directions for this model. The authors review existing experimental nonhuman primate models of antibody‐mediated rejection and sensitization/desensitization in organ transplantation and discuss their outcomes, limitations, and future directions.