Ternary Fingerprints with Reference Odor for Fluctuation-Enhanced Sensing

An improved method for fluctuation-enhanced sensing (FES) is introduced. We enhanced the old binary fingerprinting method, where the fingerprint bit values were +/- 1, by introducing ternary fingerprint bits utilizing a reference odor. In the ternary method, the fingerprint bit values are -1, 0, and +1, where the 0 value stands for the situation where the slope of the spectrum is identical to that of the reference odor. The application of the reference odor spectrum makes the fingerprint relative to the reference. The ternary nature and the reference feature increase the information entropy of the fingerprints. The method is briefly illustrated by sensing bacterial odor in cow manure isolates.