Elastomeric Fibrous Hybrid Scaffold Supports In Vitro and In Vivo Tissue Formation

Biomimetic materials with biomechanical properties resembling those of native tissues while providing an environment for cell growth and tissue formation, are vital for tissue engineering (TE). Mechanical anisotropy is an important property of native cardiovascular tissues and directly influences tissue function. This study reports fabrication of anisotropic cell‐seeded constructs while retaining control over the construct's architecture and distribution of cells. Newly synthesized poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate (P4HB) is fabricated with a dry spinning technique to create anelastomeric fibrous scaffold that allows control of fiber diameter, porosity, and rate ofdegradation. To allow cell and tissue ingrowth, hybrid scaffolds with mesenchymalstem cells (MSCs) encapsulated in a photocrosslinkable hydrogel were developed. Culturing the cellularized scaffolds in a cyclic stretch/flexure bioreactor resulted in tissue formation and confirmed the scaffold's performance under mechanical stimulation. In vivo experiments showed that the hybrid scaffold is capable of withstanding physiological pressures when implanted as a patch in the pulmonary artery. Aligned tissue formation occurred on the scaffold luminal surface without macroscopic thrombus formation. This combination of a novel, anisotropic fibrous scaffold and a tunable native‐like hydrogel for cellular encapsulation promoted formation of 3D tissue and provides a biologically functional composite scaffold for soft‐tissue engineering applications. Hybrid scaffolds composed of synthetic and biologic materials offer the potential for optimizing both cell compatibility and biomechanical characteristics of scaffolds for cardiovascular tissue engineered structures. The effects of fiber alignment, hydrogel incorporation, cellularization, and in vitro mechanical signaling are evaluated on electrospun poly‐4‐hydroxybutyrate scaffolds.