Crossover from BKT-rough to KPZ-rough surfaces for interface-limited crystal growth/recession

The crossover from a Berezinskii–Kosterlitz–Thouless (BKT) rough surface to a Kardar–Parisi–Zhang (KPZ) rough surface on a vicinal surface is studied using the Monte Carlo method in the non-equilibrium steady state in order to address discrepancies between theoretical results and experiments. The model used is a restricted solid-on-solid model with a discrete Hamiltonian without surface or volume diffusion (interface limited growth/recession). The temperature, driving force for growth, system size, and surface slope dependences of the surface width are calculated for vicinal surfaces tilted between the (001) and (111) surfaces. The surface velocity, kinetic coefficient of the surface, and mean height of the locally merged steps are also calculated. In contrast to the accepted theory for (2 + 1) surfaces, we found that the crossover point from a BKT (logarithmic) rough surface to a KPZ (algebraic) rough surface is different from the kinetic roughening point for the (001) surface. The driving force for crystal growth was found to be a relevant parameter for determining whether the system is in the BKT class or the KPZ class. It was also determined that ad-atoms, ad-holes, islands, and negative-islands block surface fluctuations, which contributes to making a BKT-rough surface.