Cas9 activates the p53 pathway and selects for p53-inactivating mutations

Cas9 is commonly introduced into cell lines to enable CRISPR–Cas9-mediated genome editing. Here, we studied the genetic and transcriptional consequences of Cas9 expression itself. Gene expression profiling of 165 pairs of human cancer cell lines and their Cas9-expressing derivatives revealed upregulation of the p53 pathway upon introduction of Cas9, specifically in wild-type TP53 ( TP53 -WT) cell lines. This was confirmed at the messenger RNA and protein levels. Moreover, elevated levels of DNA repair were observed in Cas9-expressing cell lines. Genetic characterization of 42 cell line pairs showed that introduction of Cas9 can lead to the emergence and expansion of p53-inactivating mutations. This was confirmed by competition experiments in isogenic TP53 -WT and TP53 -null ( TP53 −/− ) cell lines. Lastly, Cas9 was less active in TP53 -WT than in TP53 -mutant cell lines, and Cas9-induced p53 pathway activation affected cellular sensitivity to both genetic and chemical perturbations. These findings may have broad implications for the proper use of CRISPR–Cas9-mediated genome editing. Cas9 expression induces DNA damage and activates the p53 pathway, and it can lead to the selection of cells with p53-inactivating mutations. Cas9 is less active in wild-type TP53 cell lines than in TP53- mutant cell lines.