Leptoria phrygia in Southern Taiwan shuffles and switches symbionts to resist thermal-induced bleaching

Symbiodiniaceae communities in some corals often shuffle or switch after severe bleaching events, one of the major threats to coral survival in a world with climate change. In this study we reciprocally transplanted five Leptoria phrygia colonies between two sites with significantly different temperature regimes and monitored them for 12 months. Our ITS2 amplicon deep sequencing demonstrated that L . phrygia acclimatized to maintain a strong and stable association with Durusdinium D17, D . trenchii , and D . glynnii , but also remained flexible and formed a short-term association with different Cladocopium . Most interestingly, two colonies shuffled between Durusdinium and Cladocopium without the occurrence of bleaching; one colony even switched its dominant Cladocopium after generic shuffling. Both dominant Cladocopium were originally rare with relative abundances as low as 0.024%. This is the first record of adult corals switching dominant symbiont without bleaching.