Bidirectional short-term plasticity during single-trial learning of cerebellar-driven eyelid movements in mice

•Single-trial learning can lead to a decrease or an increase in movement amplitude.•Single-trial learning can occur with and without errors in motor performance.•Motor adaptation induced by single-trial learning lasts less than 1 min. The brain is constantly monitoring its own performance, using error signals to trigger mechanisms of plasticity that help improve future behavior. Indeed, adaptive changes in behavior have been observed after a single error trial in many learning tasks, including cerebellum-dependent eyeblink conditioning. Here, we demonstrate that the plasticity underlying single-trial learning during eyeblink conditioning in mice is bidirectionally regulated by positive and negative prediction errors, has an ephemeral effect on behavior (decays in