The molecular mechanisms of light adaption in light-harvesting complexes of purple bacteria revealed by a multiscale modeling† †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: RMSD analysis of the MDs; electronic coupling map; averaged absorption spectra of the three complexes; contributions to the BChl transitions from all close residues; functional benchmark on the H-bonded residue contribution; distribution of the V1αβ components along the MD; complete excitonic parameters; charge-trans

The spectral tuning of LH2 antenna complexes arises from H-bonding, acetyl torsion, and inter-chromophore couplings. The light-harvesting in photosynthetic purple bacteria can be tuned in response to the light conditions during cell growth. One of the used strategies is to change the energy of the excitons in the major fight-harvesting complex, commonly known as LH2. In the present study we report the first systematic investigation of the microscopic origin of the exciton tuning using three complexes, namely the common (high-light) and the low-light forms of LH2 from Rps. acidophila plus a third complex analogous to the PucD complex from Rps. palustris . The study is based on the combination of classical molecular dynamics of each complex in a lipid membrane and excitonic calculations based on a multiscale quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics approach including a polarizable embedding. From the comparative analysis, it comes out that the mechanisms that govern the adaptation of the complex to different light conditions use the different H-bonding environment around the bacteriochlorophyll pigments to dynamically control both internal and inter-pigment degrees of freedom. While the former have a large effect on the site energies, the latter significantly change the electronic couplings, but only the combination of the two effects can fully reproduce the tuning of the final excitons and explain the observed spectroscopic differences.