Behavioral and neural processes in counterconditioning: Past and future directions

Counterconditioning refers both to the technique and putative process by which behavior is modified through a new association with a stimulus of an opposite valence. Similar to extinction, counterconditioning is considered a form of inhibition that interferes with the expression of the originally learned response without erasing it. But whereas interest in extinction continues to rise, counterconditioning has received far less attention. Here, we provide an in-depth review of counterconditioning research and detail whether counterconditioning is any more effective than extinction at preventing relapse of the originally learned behavior. We consider the clinical implications of counterconditioning, describe recent neurobiological and neuroimaging research in this area, and consider future avenues in need of further investigation. •Counterconditioning is a technique and process of behavior modification.•Whether counterconditioning is more or less effective than extinction is unclear.•We review behavioral and neural findings of counterconditioning across species.•We hope this review motivates further research on this underexplored topic.