A Metallomic Approach to Assess Associations of Serum Metal Levels With Gallstones and Gallbladder Cancer

Background and Aims Exposure to metals may promote the risk for cancers. We evaluated the associations of a broad spectrum of metals with gallbladder cancer (GBC) and gallstones. Approach and Results A total of 259 patients with GBC, 701 patients with gallstones, and 851 population‐based controls were enrolled in Shanghai, China. A metallome panel was used to simultaneously detect 18 metals in serum through inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Logistic regression models were used to estimate crude or adjusted odds ratios (ORadj) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the association between metal levels and gallbladder disease. Among the 18 metals tested, 12 were significantly associated with GBC and six with gallstones (Pcorrected