Hepatic expression of programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its ligand, PD-L1, in children with autoimmune hepatitis: relation to treatment response

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is characterized histologically by aggressive inflammation with interface hepatitis and prominent lymphoplasmacytic infiltration. Programmed death-1 (PD-1) is expressed on activated lymphocytes. Engagement of PD-1 by its ligand PD-L1 leads to cell apoptosis and death. We aimed to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of PD-1 and PD-L1 in children with AIH, and its relation to treatment outcome. Pre-treatment liver biopsies of 31 children with AIH were compared to 30 children with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection as a control group. PD-1 was evaluated in lymphocytes, while PD-L1 was evaluated in lymphocytes, hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells. All AIH patients received the standard treatment. The mean PD-1 was significantly higher in AIH than HCV patients (29.19 ±18.5% vs. 15.2 ±10.1%; = 0.002) while there was no statistically significant difference as regards PD-L1 on lymphocytes ( = 0.853). Neither PD-1 nor PD-L1 correlated with either liver fibrosis or the inflammatory activity ( > 0.05 for all). PD-1/PD-L1 ratio was significantly higher in AIH compared to HCV patients and in non-responder AIH patients compared to responders (46.9 vs. 6.58). PD-1 expression was comparable in both responders and non-responders ( = 0.813), while PD-L1 was significantly upregulated in responders (4.17 ±3.15% vs. 0.63 ±1.3%; = 0.046). PD-L1 expression on hepatocytes, biliary epithelial cells, sinusoidal endothelial cells and Kupffer cells was comparable in AIH and HCV groups. PD-1/PD-L1 ratio, which reflects immune aggression, was significantly higher in AIH compared to HCV patients and in non-responder AIH patients compared to responders.