Semen quality is affected by HLA class I alleles together with sexually transmitted diseases

Background The human leukocyte antigen (HLA) locus includes several genes with key roles in antigen presentation and immune response, some of them inclusively found to be associated with non‐obstructive azoospermia. Still, HLA connections to other infertility phenotypes such as semen hyperviscosity (SHV), asthenozoospermia (AST), and oligozoospermia (OLI) have been often neglected. Objectives In this work, we aimed to evaluate the association of HLA class I and II genes with SHV, AST, and OLI phenotypes while exploring a possible role in an adaptive immune response to sexually transmitted diseases (STD). Materials and methods Whole‐exome sequencing was performed in a Portuguese cohort of 71 infertility cases and 68 controls, followed by HLA typing using a specific software—HLA*PRG:LA tool. Molecular screenings of seven STD were carried out in a subset of 72 samples (30 cases and 42 controls). Results Statistical tests uncovered three protective alleles: HLA‐A*11:01, associated with all forms of male infertility (p = 0.0006); HLA‐DQB1*03:02 with SHV and OLI (PSHV = 0.0303, POLI = 0.0153); and HLA‐A*29:02 with OLI (p = 0.0355), which was found to interfere in sperm number together with HPV (p = 0.0313). Five risk alleles were also identified: two linked with SHV (HLA‐B*50:01, p = 0.0278; and HLA‐C*06:02, p = 0.0461), another one with both SHV and OLI (HLA‐DQA1*05:01, PSHV = 0.0444 and POLI=0.0265), and two with OLI (HLA‐C*03:03, p = 0.0480; and HLA‐DQB1*03:01, p = 0.0499). Here, HLA‐C*03:03 carriers tend to be HPV infected. Conclusions The application of HLA*PRG:LA tool to the study of male infertility provided novel insights for an HLA correlation with semen quality, namely among SHV and OLI phenotypes. The discovery of an HLA‐A*29:02/HPV crosstalk, together with former reports of HLA alleles conferring resistance–susceptibility to diverse human pathogens, raises the hypothesis of a mechanistic link between male infertility, HLA polymorphism, and host response to STD.